Formula Library
Explore the formulas behind our calculators. Each entry includes the formula expression, variable definitions, and a worked example.
Includes: BMI ยท Compound interest ยท Mortgage payment ยท Percentage ยท Quadratic equation ยท Ohm's Law ยท Standard deviation ยท Newton's laws ยท and 190+ more.
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Monthly Mortgage Payment
Open Calculator โA mortgage calculator estimates monthly payments on a home loan by factoring in the principal amount, interest rate, loan term, property taxes, and insurance. It helps homebuyers understand total borrowing costs before committing to a mortgage.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| M | Monthly Payment | USD |
| P | Principal Loan Amount | USD |
| r | Monthly Interest Rate | annual rate / 12 |
| n | Total Number of Payments | months |
Worked Example
Result: $2,023/month
Principal + interest only. Add property tax (~$350/mo) and insurance (~$125/mo) for total PITI of ~$2,498/mo.
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Open Calculator โA BMI (Body Mass Index) calculator measures body fat based on height and weight for adult men and women. BMI is a screening tool that categorizes individuals as underweight (<18.5), normal (18.5-24.9), overweight (25-29.9), or obese (30+).
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| BMI | Body Mass Index | kg/mยฒ |
| weight | Body weight | kilograms |
| height | Height | meters |
Worked Example
Result: BMI = 22.9 (Normal weight)
70 / (1.75 ร 1.75) = 70 / 3.0625 = 22.86, which falls in the Normal weight category (18.5-24.9).
Percentage
Open Calculator โA percentage calculator finds the percentage of a number, calculates percentage increase/decrease, or determines what percentage one number is of another. It answers questions like "What is 15% of 200?" (Answer: 30) or "What percentage is 30 of 200?" (Answer: 15%).
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Part | The portion or subset | any |
| Whole | The total or base amount | same as Part |
Worked Example
Result: 22.5%
(45 / 200) ร 100 = 22.5%. So 45 is 22.5% of 200.
Compound Interest
Open Calculator โA compound interest calculator computes how money grows when interest is earned on both the initial principal and previously accumulated interest. Unlike simple interest, compound interest accelerates wealth growth over time, making it the foundation of savings, investing, and debt calculations.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| A | Final Amount | USD |
| P | Initial Principal | USD |
| r | Annual Interest Rate | decimal |
| n | Compounding Frequency | times per year |
| t | Time | years |
Worked Example
Result: $40,387.39
$10,000 compounded monthly at 7% for 20 years grows to $40,387.39 โ that's $30,387.39 in interest earned.
Monthly Loan Payment
Open Calculator โA loan calculator estimates monthly payments, total interest, and amortization schedule for personal loans, auto loans, and other installment debt. It helps borrowers compare loan offers by showing the true cost of borrowing at different rates and terms.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| PMT | Monthly Payment | USD |
| P | Loan Principal | USD |
| r | Monthly Interest Rate | annual rate / 12 |
| n | Total Number of Payments | months |
Worked Example
Result: $482.80/month
Total paid: $28,968. Total interest: $3,968. Effective cost of the loan is 15.9% of principal.
Common Area Formulas
Open Calculator โAn area calculator computes the surface area of geometric shapes including rectangles, circles, triangles, trapezoids, and irregular polygons. It's used in construction, landscaping, real estate, and academic settings.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| A | Area | square units |
| l | Length | โ |
| w | Width | โ |
| r | Radius | โ |
| b | Base | โ |
| h | Height | โ |
Concrete Volume
Open Calculator โA concrete calculator estimates the volume of concrete needed for slabs, footings, walls, and columns. It converts dimensions into cubic yards or cubic meters and calculates the number of pre-mixed bags required, helping reduce waste and cost on construction projects.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Volume | Concrete needed | cubic yards |
| Length | Slab length | feet |
| Width | Slab width | feet |
| Depth | Slab thickness | inches (convert to feet) |
Worked Example
Result: 2.47 cubic yards (+ 10% waste = 2.72 yards)
20 ร 10 ร 0.333 = 66.6 cu ft รท 27 = 2.47 cu yd. Order 10% extra for waste and spillage.
TDEE (Mifflin-St Jeor + Activity Factor)
Open Calculator โTotal Daily Energy Expenditure โ the total number of calories your body burns in a day including basal metabolism, physical activity, and the thermic effect of food.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| BMR (men) | 10 ร weight(kg) + 6.25 ร height(cm) โ 5 ร age โ 5 | kcal/day |
| BMR (women) | 10 ร weight(kg) + 6.25 ร height(cm) โ 5 ร age โ 161 | kcal/day |
| Activity Factor | Sedentary 1.2 | Light 1.375 | Moderate 1.55 | Active 1.725 | Very Active 1.9 | multiplier |
Worked Example
Result: 2,697 calories/day
BMR = 10(80) + 6.25(175) โ 5(30) โ 5 = 1,740. TDEE = 1,740 ร 1.55 = 2,697 kcal.
Mifflin-St Jeor BMR
Open Calculator โBasal Metabolic Rate โ the number of calories your body needs at complete rest to maintain vital functions like breathing, circulation, and cell production.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| W | Weight | kg |
| H | Height | cm |
| A | Age | years |
| S | Sex constant | +5 (men) or โ161 (women) |
Worked Example
Result: 1,396 calories/day
BMR = 10(70) + 6.25(165) โ 5(25) โ 161 = 700 + 1,031.25 โ 125 โ 161 = 1,445 (rounded).
US Navy Body Fat Method
Open Calculator โThe proportion of your total body weight that is fat tissue, expressed as a percentage.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| abdomen | Waist circumference at navel | cm |
| neck | Neck circumference | cm |
| height | Height | cm |
Worked Example
Result: ~17.8% body fat
BF% = 86.010 ร logโโ(85โ38) โ 70.041 ร logโโ(178) + 36.76 โ 17.8%.
Widmark Formula
Open Calculator โBlood Alcohol Content โ the percentage of alcohol in a person's bloodstream, used to measure intoxication level.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| A | Total alcohol consumed | grams |
| W | Body weight | grams |
| r | Widmark factor | 0.68 (men) / 0.55 (women) |
| H | Hours since first drink | hours |
Worked Example
Result: 0.047% BAC
BAC = (42 / (80,000 ร 0.68)) โ (0.015 ร 2) = 0.077 โ 0.03 = 0.047%.
Pace Calculation
Open Calculator โThe time it takes to cover one unit of distance while running or walking, typically expressed in minutes per mile or minutes per kilometer.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Total Time | Duration of run/walk | minutes |
| Distance | Distance covered | miles or km |
Worked Example
Result: 9:02 min/mile (5:36 min/km)
28 รท 3.1 = 9.03 min/mile. Convert to km: 28 รท 5 = 5.6 min/km.
Epley Formula
Open Calculator โThe maximum weight an individual can lift for a single repetition of a given exercise with proper form.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Weight | Weight lifted | lbs or kg |
| Reps | Repetitions completed | count (โค10 for accuracy) |
Worked Example
Result: 222 lbs estimated 1RM
1RM = 185 ร (1 + 6/30) = 185 ร 1.2 = 222 lbs.
Mosteller Formula
Open Calculator โBody Surface Area โ the measured or calculated surface area of the human body, used in medicine for drug dosing and burn assessment.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Height | Patient height | cm |
| Weight | Patient weight | kg |
Worked Example
Result: 1.82 mยฒ
BSA = โ(170 ร 70 / 3600) = โ(3.306) = 1.818 mยฒ.
Calorie Deficit
Open Calculator โThe state of consuming fewer calories than your body expends, leading to weight loss over time.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| TDEE | Total Daily Energy Expenditure | kcal/day |
| Calorie Intake | Daily food intake | kcal/day |
Worked Example
Result: 500 kcal/day deficit โ ~1 lb/week weight loss
1 lb of fat โ 3,500 kcal. A 500 kcal/day deficit ร 7 days = 3,500 kcal/week.
Protein Intake
Open Calculator โThe recommended amount of dietary protein needed to support muscle repair, immune function, and overall health.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Body Weight | Current weight | kg |
| Protein Factor | Activity-dependent multiplier | g/kg (0.8โ2.2) |
Worked Example
Result: 135 g protein/day
75 ร 1.8 = 135 g. Spread across 4 meals = ~34 g per meal.
Monthly Amortization Payment
Open Calculator โThe process of spreading loan payments over time so that each payment covers both interest and principal, gradually reducing the balance to zero.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| P | Principal (loan amount) | $ |
| r | Monthly interest rate | decimal (annual rate รท 12) |
| n | Total number of payments | months |
Worked Example
Result: $1,580.17/month
M = 250,000 ร [0.005417(1.005417)^360] / [(1.005417)^360 โ 1] โ $1,580.17.
Return on Investment
Open Calculator โReturn on Investment โ a performance metric that measures the gain or loss from an investment relative to its cost, expressed as a percentage.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Current Value | Current value of investment | $ |
| Cost | Original investment cost | $ |
Worked Example
Result: 35% ROI
ROI = [(13,500 โ 10,000) / 10,000] ร 100 = 35%.
Future Value of Savings
Open Calculator โThe projected growth of savings over time with regular contributions and compound interest.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| P | Initial deposit | $ |
| PMT | Regular contribution | $/period |
| r | Interest rate per period | decimal |
| n | Number of periods | months or years |
Worked Example
Result: $85,624
Initial grows to $8,144; contributions add $77,480 with interest.
Compound Growth
Open Calculator โThe projected increase in the value of invested capital over time through compound returns.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| PV | Present value (initial investment) | $ |
| r | Annual return rate | decimal |
| n | Compounding frequency | times per year |
| t | Time | years |
Worked Example
Result: $123,794
FV = 25,000 ร (1 + 0.08/12)^(12ร20) = 25,000 ร 4.952 = $123,794.
Monthly Auto Loan Payment
Open Calculator โA secured loan used to purchase a vehicle, where the car serves as collateral.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| P | Loan amount (price โ down payment โ trade-in) | $ |
| r | Monthly interest rate | decimal |
| n | Loan term | months (36, 48, 60, 72) |
Worked Example
Result: $580/month
Loan = $30,000. r = 0.059/12 = 0.00492. M = $30,000 ร 0.00492(1.00492)^60 / [(1.00492)^60โ1] โ $580.
CD Maturity Value
Open Calculator โA time-deposit savings product that pays a fixed interest rate for a fixed term, typically offering higher rates than regular savings accounts.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| P | Deposit amount | $ |
| r | Annual interest rate | decimal |
| n | Compounding frequency | times per year |
| t | Term | years |
Worked Example
Result: $10,513 at maturity
A = 10,000 ร (1 + 0.05/365)^365 = 10,000 ร 1.05127 = $10,513.
EMI Formula
Open Calculator โEquated Monthly Installment โ a fixed monthly payment that includes both principal and interest, commonly used for home, car, and personal loans.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| P | Principal loan amount | โน or $ |
| r | Monthly interest rate | annual rate รท 12 |
| n | Total number of monthly payments | months |
Worked Example
Result: โน43,391/month
r = 8.5/1200 = 0.00708. EMI = 50,00,000 ร 0.00708 ร (1.00708)^240 / [(1.00708)^240 โ 1] โ โน43,391.
SIP Future Value
Open Calculator โSystematic Investment Plan โ a disciplined approach to investing a fixed amount regularly in mutual funds.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| PMT | Monthly SIP amount | โน |
| r | Expected monthly return rate | decimal (annual รท 12) |
| n | Total months of investment | months |
Worked Example
Result: โน50.46 lakh
r = 0.01, n = 180. FV = 10,000 ร [((1.01)^180 โ 1) / 0.01] ร 1.01 โ โน50,45,760.
GST Calculation
Open Calculator โGoods and Services Tax โ India's unified indirect tax on the supply of goods and services.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Base Price | Price before tax | โน |
| GST Rate | Applicable GST slab | % (5, 12, 18, or 28) |
Worked Example
Result: GST = โน1,800 | Total = โน11,800
โน10,000 ร 0.18 = โน1,800 GST. Intra-state: โน900 CGST + โน900 SGST.
Progressive Tax Calculation
Open Calculator โA progressive tax levied by the government on individual or business earnings, with rates increasing as income rises through defined tax brackets.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Taxable Income | Gross income minus deductions | $ |
| Bracket Rates | US 2024: 10%, 12%, 22%, 24%, 32%, 35%, 37% | % |
Worked Example
Result: $14,260 federal tax
10% on first $11,600 + 12% on $11,601โ$47,150 + 22% on $47,151โ$85,000.
Sales Tax
Open Calculator โA consumption tax imposed by the government on the sale of goods and services, added at the point of purchase.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Price | Pre-tax price of item | $ |
| Tax Rate | State + local tax rate | % |
Worked Example
Result: $4.12 tax | $54.11 total
$49.99 ร 0.0825 = $4.12.
Population Standard Deviation
Open Calculator โA statistical measure of the amount of variation or dispersion in a dataset, indicating how spread out values are from the mean.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| xแตข | Each data value | any |
| ฮผ | Population mean | same as data |
| N | Population size | count |
Worked Example
Result: ฯ โ 1.67
Mean = 5.2. Deviationsยฒ: 1.44+7.84+0.64+0.04+4.84 = 14.8. ฯ = โ(14.8/5) = 1.72.
Logarithm
Open Calculator โThe inverse operation of exponentiation โ log_b(x) answers "what power of b gives x?"
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| b | Base | number (usually 10, e, or 2) |
| x | Argument (must be > 0) | number |
| y | Exponent / result | number |
Worked Example
Result: 3
10ยณ = 1000, therefore logโโ(1000) = 3.
Exponentiation
Open Calculator โA mathematical notation indicating how many times a base number is multiplied by itself.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| a | Base number | any number |
| n | Exponent / power | integer or real number |
Worked Example
Result: 1,024
2 ร 2 ร 2 ร 2 ร 2 ร 2 ร 2 ร 2 ร 2 ร 2 = 1,024.
Fraction Operations
Open Calculator โA numerical quantity that represents part of a whole, written as a/b where a is the numerator and b is the denominator.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| a/b | First fraction | ratio |
| c/d | Second fraction | ratio |
Worked Example
Result: 23/20 = 1 3/20
(3ร5 + 2ร4) / (4ร5) = (15 + 8) / 20 = 23/20.
Basic Probability
Open Calculator โThe mathematical measure of the likelihood that an event will occur, expressed as a number between 0 and 1.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| P(Event) | Probability of event | 0 to 1 (or 0% to 100%) |
| Favorable | Number of ways event can happen | count |
| Total | Total possible outcomes | count |
Worked Example
Result: 13/52 = 0.25 = 25%
13 hearts out of 52 total cards. P = 13/52 = 1/4.
Quadratic Formula
Open Calculator โA second-degree polynomial equation of the form axยฒ + bx + c = 0.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| a | Coefficient of xยฒ | number (a โ 0) |
| b | Coefficient of x | number |
| c | Constant term | number |
Worked Example
Result: x = 3 or x = 2
x = (5 ยฑ โ(25โ24)) / 2 = (5 ยฑ 1) / 2 โ x = 3 or x = 2.
Binary to Decimal Conversion
Open Calculator โThe base-2 numeral system using only digits 0 and 1, the foundation of all digital computing.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| dแตข | Binary digit at position i | 0 or 1 |
| i | Position from right (starting at 0) | integer |
Worked Example
Result: 26 (decimal)
1ร16 + 1ร8 + 0ร4 + 1ร2 + 0ร1 = 16 + 8 + 2 = 26.
Common Volume Formulas
Open Calculator โThe amount of three-dimensional space enclosed within a closed surface, measured in cubic units.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| r | Radius | length units |
| h | Height | length units |
| l, w | Length, Width | length units |
Worked Example
Result: 785.4 cmยณ
V = ฯ ร 5ยฒ ร 10 = ฯ ร 250 = 785.4 cmยณ.
Pythagorean Theorem
Open Calculator โA triangle with one 90-degree angle, where the relationship between sides follows the Pythagorean theorem.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| a | One leg | length |
| b | Other leg | length |
| c | Hypotenuse (longest side, opposite 90ยฐ) | length |
Worked Example
Result: Hypotenuse c = 5
c = โ(3ยฒ + 4ยฒ) = โ(9 + 16) = โ25 = 5. Classic 3-4-5 right triangle.
GPA Calculation
Open Calculator โGrade Point Average โ a standardized measure of academic achievement calculated by averaging grade points earned across courses.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Grade Points | Numeric value of letter grade | A=4, B=3, C=2, D=1, F=0 |
| Credit Hours | Course credit weight | credits |
Worked Example
Result: 3.57 GPA
(4ร3 + 3.3ร4 + 3.7ร3) / (3+4+3) = (12 + 13.2 + 11.1) / 10 = 3.63.
Ohm's Law
Open Calculator โA fundamental law of electronics stating that voltage equals current times resistance (V = IR).
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| V | Voltage | volts (V) |
| I | Current | amperes (A) |
| R | Resistance | ohms (ฮฉ) |
Worked Example
Result: Voltage = 20 V
V = 2 ร 10 = 20 volts.
Simply Supported Beam (Center Point Load)
Open Calculator โThe displacement of a structural beam under load, critical for ensuring safety and serviceability in construction.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| P | Applied load | N or lbs |
| L | Beam span | m or ft |
| E | Modulus of elasticity | Pa or psi |
| I | Moment of inertia | mโด or inโด |
Worked Example
Result: ฮด = 2.7 mm
ฮด = 10,000 ร 6ยณ / (48 ร 200ร10โน ร 8.33ร10โปโถ) = 0.0027 m = 2.7 mm.
Density
Open Calculator โMass per unit volume of a substance, expressed in kg/mยณ or g/cmยณ.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| ฯ | Density | kg/mยณ |
| m | Mass | kg |
| V | Volume | mยณ |
Worked Example
Result: 2.5 g/cmยณ
ฯ = 500 / 200 = 2.5 g/cmยณ. Denser than water (1.0 g/cmยณ) โ it sinks.
Kinetic Energy
Open Calculator โThe energy possessed by an object due to its motion, proportional to mass and the square of velocity.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| m | Mass | kg |
| v | Velocity | m/s |
Worked Example
Result: 546,750 J โ 547 kJ
KE = ยฝ ร 1,500 ร 27ยฒ = 0.5 ร 1,500 ร 729 = 546,750 J.
Ideal Gas Law
Open Calculator โA fundamental equation relating the pressure, volume, temperature, and amount of an ideal gas.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| P | Pressure | atm or Pa |
| V | Volume | L or mยณ |
| n | Amount of substance | moles |
| R | Gas constant | 0.0821 Lยทatm/(molยทK) or 8.314 J/(molยทK) |
| T | Temperature | Kelvin |
Worked Example
Result: V = 49.3 L
V = nRT/P = 2 ร 0.0821 ร 300 / 1 = 49.26 L.
Torque
Open Calculator โA rotational force that causes an object to rotate about an axis, measured in newton-meters (Nยทm) or foot-pounds (ftยทlb).
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| ฯ | Torque | Nยทm or ftยทlb |
| F | Applied force | N or lb |
| d | Distance from pivot (moment arm) | m or ft |
| ฮธ | Angle between force and lever arm | degrees |
Worked Example
Result: 15 Nยทm
ฯ = 50 ร 0.3 ร sin(90ยฐ) = 50 ร 0.3 ร 1 = 15 Nยทm.
Exponential Decay
Open Calculator โThe time required for a quantity to reduce to half its initial value, commonly used in nuclear physics and pharmacology.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Nโ | Initial quantity | any |
| N(t) | Remaining quantity at time t | same as Nโ |
| t | Elapsed time | same as tยฝ |
| tยฝ | Half-life | years, hours, etc. |
Worked Example
Result: 25 g remaining
100 ร (ยฝ)^(11,460/5,730) = 100 ร (ยฝ)ยฒ = 100 ร 0.25 = 25 g.
Flow Rate
Open Calculator โThe analysis of fluid movement through pipes, considering flow rate, velocity, pressure drop, and friction losses.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Q | Volumetric flow rate | mยณ/s or GPM |
| A | Cross-sectional area of pipe | mยฒ |
| v | Average flow velocity | m/s |
| d | Pipe internal diameter | m |
Worked Example
Result: 0.0162 mยณ/s โ 257 GPM
A = ฯ(0.0508)ยฒ = 0.00811 mยฒ. Q = 0.00811 ร 2 = 0.01621 mยณ/s.
CBM Calculation
Open Calculator โCubic Meter โ the standard unit of measurement for shipping volume in international freight and logistics.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Length | Package length | meters |
| Width | Package width | meters |
| Height | Package height | meters |
Worked Example
Result: 0.96 CBM
1.2 ร 0.8 ร 1.0 = 0.96 mยณ. For 10 such boxes: 9.6 CBM total.
Chargeable Weight
Open Calculator โThe total charge for shipping goods from origin to destination, based on weight, volume, distance, and mode of transport.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Actual Weight | Physical weight of shipment | kg |
| Volumetric Weight | CBM ร factor (e.g., 167 for air) | kg |
| Rate | Carrier rate per kg or per CBM | $/kg or $/CBM |
Worked Example
Result: $1,670 (charged on volumetric: 668 kg)
Volumetric = 4 ร 167 = 668 kg > 500 kg actual. Cost = 668 ร $2.50 = $1,670.
Area Calculation
Open Calculator โThe area of a space measured in square feet, commonly used in US real estate and construction to describe floor area.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Length | Room length | feet |
| Width | Room width | feet |
Worked Example
Result: 180 sq ft
15 ร 12 = 180 square feet. For irregularly shaped rooms, divide into rectangles and sum.
Roof Area
Open Calculator โThe calculation of materials needed for a roof based on area, pitch, and material type.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Footprint | Building length ร width | sq ft |
| Pitch Multiplier | 4/12โ1.054, 6/12โ1.118, 8/12โ1.202, 12/12โ1.414 | factor |
Worked Example
Result: 2,236 sq ft โ 22.4 roofing squares
2,000 ร 1.118 = 2,236 sq ft รท 100 = 22.36 squares.
Fence Posts
Open Calculator โThe calculation of posts, rails, and pickets needed for a fence based on linear footage and fence type.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Total Length | Fence perimeter | linear feet |
| Post Spacing | Distance between posts | feet (typically 6 or 8) |
Worked Example
Result: 20 posts, 38 rails, 300 pickets
Posts: (150/8)+1 = 19.75 โ 20. Rails: 2 per section ร 19 = 38. Pickets: 150/0.5 = 300 (at 6" spacing).
Deck Boards
Open Calculator โThe calculation of decking boards, posts, and hardware needed for an outdoor deck construction project.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Deck Area | Total deck surface | sq ft |
| Board Coverage | Board width ร length (typical: 5.5" ร 12ft = 5.5 sq ft) | sq ft per board |
| Waste Factor | Extra for cuts and waste | 1.10โ1.15 (10โ15%) |
Worked Example
Result: 39 boards (with 10% waste)
192 / 5.5 = 34.9 boards ร 1.10 waste = 38.4 โ 39 boards.
Flooring Material
Open Calculator โThe calculation of flooring materials needed based on room area, accounting for waste from cuts and layout patterns.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Room Area | Total floor area | sq ft |
| Waste Factor | Extra for cuts, damage, and future repairs | 1.10 (10%) standard, 1.15 for diagonal |
Worked Example
Result: Order 385 sq ft of flooring
350 ร 1.10 = 385 sq ft. For 20-sq-ft boxes: 385/20 = 19.25 โ 20 boxes.
Electricity Cost
Open Calculator โThe cost to operate an electrical device, based on its wattage, usage time, and the local electricity rate.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Watts | Device power consumption | W |
| Hours | Daily usage time | hours |
| Rate | Electricity price | $/kWh |
Worked Example
Result: $1.56/day โ $46.80/month
(1,500 ร 8 / 1,000) ร 0.13 = 12 kWh ร $0.13 = $1.56/day.
Trip Fuel Cost
Open Calculator โThe total fuel expense for a trip based on distance, vehicle fuel efficiency, and fuel price.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Distance | Trip distance | miles |
| MPG | Vehicle fuel efficiency | miles per gallon |
| Price | Fuel cost | $/gallon |
Worked Example
Result: $62.50
500/28 = 17.86 gallons ร $3.50 = $62.50.
MPG Calculation
Open Calculator โThe distance a vehicle can travel per unit of fuel, measured in miles per gallon (MPG) or kilometers per liter.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Miles | Distance driven since last fill-up | miles |
| Gallons | Fuel consumed | gallons |
Worked Example
Result: 27.8 MPG
320 / 11.5 = 27.83 MPG.
Tip Calculation
Open Calculator โA tool to calculate the gratuity amount and total bill, optionally splitting among multiple diners.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Bill | Pre-tax bill amount | $ |
| Tip% | Tip percentage | % (typically 15โ25%) |
Worked Example
Result: Tip: $17.00 | Total: $102.00 | Per person: $25.50
$85 ร 0.20 = $17. Total = $102. Each of 4 pays $25.50.
Concrete Project Cost
Open Calculator โThe estimated cost for a concrete project based on volume needed, concrete type, and delivery/labor costs.
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Volume | Total concrete needed | cubic yards |
| Price | Ready-mix cost per yard | $/cubic yard |
Worked Example
Result: ~$740 for concrete only
20ร20ร0.333 = 133.3 cu ft รท 27 = 4.94 ydยณ ร $150 = $741.
Data Size Conversion
Open Calculator โA measure of digital information expressed in bits, bytes, and their multiples (KB, MB, GB, TB).
| Symbol | Variable | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Byte | 8 bits | B |
| KB | 1,024 bytes | Kilobyte |
| MB | 1,024 KB | Megabyte |
| GB | 1,024 MB | Gigabyte |
| TB | 1,024 GB | Terabyte |
Worked Example
Result: 5,120 MB = 5,242,880 KB = 5,368,709,120 Bytes
5 ร 1,024 = 5,120 MB. 5,120 ร 1,024 = 5,242,880 KB.