The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of one unit mass of a substance by one degree.
Specific heat capacity (c) measures how much energy a substance can absorb per unit mass per degree temperature change. Units: J/(kg·K) or cal/(g·°C).
Q = mcΔT, where Q = heat energy (J), m = mass (kg), c = specific heat, ΔT = temperature change (K or °C).
Water's high specific heat is why coastal climates are milder than inland — oceans absorb/release heat slowly.
The relationship between voltage, current, and resistance in an electrical circuit: V = I × R.
A unit of energy equal to using 1,000 watts of power for one hour.
A rotational force that causes an object to rotate around an axis, measured in newton-meters or foot-pounds.
A unit of heat energy equal to the amount needed to raise one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit.
A material property that measures how well it conducts heat, expressed in watts per meter-kelvin (W/m·K).
Stress is the internal force per unit area in a material; strain is the resulting deformation (change in shape or size).